A. You will hear a recording. Below is a transcription of the recording. Some words in the transcription differ from what the speaker(s) said. As you listen, circle the words that are different.
When societies were still mostly rural and agricultural, waste dispersal was hardly an issue, partly because people tended to make use of everything and partly because there was plenty of space to bury rubbish. It was when societies became predominantly urban and industrious that problems arose – mainly to do with wealth. City authorities had a hard time trying to find effective ways of getting rid of all the rubbish. One of these was to get people to set out their rubbish into different types, just as these days we are encouraged to separate our rubbish into different categories for easier removal and recycling. So, for example, kitchen rubbish was set aside and used for feeding animals. However, fears of disease put an end to that. In fact, it wasn’t until the 20th century that all waste was simply thrown together and put into landfills.
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Solution
When societies were still mostly rural and agricultural, waste dispersal (disposal) was hardly an issue, partly because people tended to make use of everything and partly because there was plenty of space to bury rubbish. It was when societies became predominantly urban and industrious (industrial) that problems arose - mainly to do with wealth. City authorities had a hard time trying to find effective (efficient) ways of getting rid of all the rubbish. One of these was to get people to set (sort) out their rubbish into different types, just as these days we are encouraged to separate our rubbish into different categories for easier removal and recycling. So, for example, kitchen rubbish was set aside and used for feeding animals. However, fears of disease put an end to that. In fact, it wasn't until the 20th century that all waste was simply thrown together and put (ploughed) into landfills.
B. You will hear a recording. Below is a transcription of the recording. Some words in the transcription differ from what the speaker(s) said. As you listen, circle the words that are different.
Archery, the practice or art of shooting with a bow and arrow, has played an important part in English history, being the major weapon of the foot-soldier and instrumental in winning many battles in wars with the French – with whom we seemed to be continuously at war during the Middle Ages. The English featured the longbow over the short bow and the crossbow, the latter being the main firearm of militias on the European continent. The crossbow fired a metal bolt released by a trigger, rather like a gun, and had the farthest range of any of the bows, but the main advantage of the longbow was its accuracy. The importance placed on archery is illustrated by the fact that medieval kings in England encouraged the practice and one of them, Edward III, went so far as to bar all sports on Sundays and holidays except archery. Because there were no standing armies in those days, and in the event of war rulers had to call on the populace, everything was done to make sure there were large numbers of competent, if not expert archers, to recruit.
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Solution
Archery, the practice or art of shooting with a bow and arrow, has played an important part in English history, being the major (main) weapon of the foot-soldier and instrumental in winning many battles in wars with the French - with whom we seemed to be continuously (constantly) at war during the Middle Ages. The English featured (favored) the longbow over the short bow and the crossbow, the latter being the main firearm of militias (militaries) on the European continent. The crossbow fired a metal bolt released by a trigger, rather like a gun, and had the farthest (longest) range of any of the bows, but the main advantage of the longbow was its accuracy. The importance placed on archery is illustrated by the fact that medieval kings in England encouraged the practice and one of them, Edward III, went so far as to bar (ban) all sports on Sundays and holidays except archery. Because there were no standing armies in those days, and in the event of war rulers had to call on the populace, everything was done to make sure there were large numbers of competent, if not expert archers, to recruit.