Debenture is a certificate/instrument acknowledging a debt. It is issued generally by a public company to individuals/institutions who lend it money (invest in their debentures). For an investor investing in a debenture is just like investing in a fixed deposit with the difference that while he can withdraw the amount invested in a fixed deposit any time he/she likes with a loss of interest.. He cannot do so with a debenture. The amount invested on a debenture will be repaid only on the expiry of the period for which the debenture has been issued. If the debentures were originally issued at a discount and redeemed at premium then the case of loss on issue of debentures arise.
Here a Co. issued Rs. 2,00,000 Debentures at 5% discount, redeemable at 10% premium after 10 years.
The discount on issue of debentures = 5% of 2,00,000 = Rs. 10,000
The premium on redemption of debentures = 10% of 2,00,000 = Rs. 20,000
Thus total loss on issue of debentures = 10,000 + 20,000 = Rs. 30,000

When the shares forfeited are reissued at discount, Bank account is debited by the amount received and Share capital account is credited by the paid up amount. The amount of discount allowed is debited to Share Forfeited Account. This is for adjusting the amount of discount so allowed from the amount forfeited at the time of forfeiture.
Now the amount of discount allowed on reissue of shares at the most can be equal to the forfeited amount on such shares. In that case the share forfeited account after reissue will show a zero balance.
But in case, this amount of discount is less than the amount forfeited, the remaining forfeited amount will be profit for the company. This profit is a capital gain to the company and is transferred to Capital Reserve account.
In the above question discount on shares reissued = number of shares reissued × discount allowed per share = (250 × 10 – 2000) = Rs. 500
Amount available for the reissued shares in shares forfeiture account = number of shares reissued × amount forfeited per share = 250 × (10 – 7) = 250 – 3 = Rs. 750
The surplus amount to be transferred to capital reserve account = 750 – 500 = Rs. 250

For recording unrecorded investment in the faks, the entry will be debit investment by giving credit to Revaluation A/c.

In this problem Z Ltd. purchased land and building from H Ltd. for a book value of Rs. 2,00,000 and the consideration was paid as Rs. 65,000 in cash and the balance by issue of 6% Debentures of Rs. 1,000 each at a discount of 10%
the debentures are being issued at a discount thus the value of each share issued will be 1,000 – 10% of 1,000 = 1,000 – 100 = Rs. 900
Total value of land and building acquired = Rs. 2,00,000
Cash paid = 65,000
Balance to be paid by issue of debentures = 1,35,000
Number of debentures issued = total value of assets acquired/value per debenture = 1,35,000/900 = 150 debentures
Discount on issue of debentures will be 150 × 100 = Rs. 15,000

When the shares forfeited are reissued at discount, Bank account is debited by the amount received and Share capital account is credited by the paid up amount. The amount of discount allowed is debited to Share Forfeited Account. This is for adjusting the amount of discount so allowed from the amount forfeited at the time of forfeiture.
Now the amount of discount allowed on reissue of shares at the most can be equal to the forfeited amount on such shares. In that case the share forfeited account after reissue will show a zero balance.
But in case, this amount of discount is less than the amount forfeited, the remaining forfeited amount will be profit for the company. This profit is a capital gain to the company and is transferred to Capital Reserve account.
In the above question discount on shares reissued = number of shares reissued × discount allowed per
share = 100 × 3 = Rs. 300
Amount available for the reissued shares in shares forfeiture account = number of shares reissued × amount forfeited per share = 100 × (10 – 2) = 100 × 8 = Rs. 800
The surplus amount to be transferred to capital reserve account = 800 – 300 = Rs. 500

Gaining ratio is calculated when a partner retires/dies.

The monetary value of an asset decreases over time due to use, wear and tear or obsolescence. This decrease is measured as depreciation

Interest on capital is allowed to the owner on the concept of separate entity where the capital invested in the business is considered to be the loan from the proprietor. Here Interest on capital at 6% p.a. is to be allowed. Capital in the beginning was Rs. 3,00,000.
Interest amount will be 6% of 3,00,000 = Rs. 18,000