People with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other breathing need fast relief when their airways tighten up. Unfortunately, the most commonly used medication has obnoxious side effects. But scientists recently discovered that a bitter taste can be a more effective — and now they know why. The work is published in PLoS Biology. When an asthma attack hits, the airway shrinks and makes breathing difficult. To keep air flowing, the sufferer must take medication to relax the passage’s and open it back up. But a couple years ago, researchers discovered airways contain bitter taste like the ones on the tongue. After exposure to bitter , the receptors can expand the airway more quickly and more effectively than the most commonly used treatment. Researchers airway tissue to learn why bitterness makes the muscles relax. During an asthma attack, calcium flows into the cells of the airway and contributes to muscle contraction. But bitter substances block the that allow calcium into cells, which relaxes the tightened tissue. And that’s the opposite of a bitter pill
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Solution
People with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other breathing disorders need fast relief when their airways tighten up. Unfortunately, the most commonly used medication has obnoxious side effects. But scientists recently discovered that a bitter taste can be a more effective treatment — and now they know why. The work is published in PLoS Biology. When an asthma attack hits, the airway shrinks and makes breathing difficult. To keep air flowing, the sufferer must take medication to relax the passage's muscles and open it back up. But a couple years ago, researchers discovered airways contain bitter taste receptors like the ones on the tongue. After exposure to bitter substances , the receptors can expand the airway more quickly and more effectively than the most commonly used treatment. Researchers examined airway tissue to learn why bitterness makes the muscles relax. During an asthma attack, calcium flows into the cells of the airway and contributes to muscle contraction. But bitter substances block the channels that allow calcium into cells, which relaxes the tightened tissue. And that's the opposite of a bitter pill
You will hear a recording. Type the missing words in each blank.
When summer hits, I dread jogging outside.But a study finds that elephants can be in true danger in the heat. As get bigger, they have smaller surface-area-to-body-volume ratios. Fully grown Asian elephants thus pack a lot of mass into a body with a relatively small surface area. And surface area how much body heat you can dissipate. For the study, two female elephants in the Audubon Zoo in New Orleans walked around a half-mile track under various conditions. The outdoor temperature during these ranged from a chilly 8 degrees Celsius to a scorching 35 degrees. Sunny hot days were the worst. The already limited hide is now itself heated by the sun. With the of a busted radiator, the elephants retained 56 to 100 percent of their body heat internally. Which could make a mere four hours of fatal. The research on elephant exertion is in the Journal of Experimental Biology. Fortunately, elephants have ways to beat the heat: shift activity to after dark and, of course, go for a dip
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Solution
When summer hits, I dread jogging outside.But a study finds that elephants can be in true danger in the heat. As ....creatures.... get bigger, they have smaller surface-area-to-body-volume ratios. Fully grown Asian elephants thus pack a lot of mass into a body with a relatively small surface area. And surface area ....limits.... how much body heat you can dissipate. For the study, two female elephants in the Audubon Zoo in New Orleans walked around a half-mile track under various conditions. The outdoor temperature during these ....sessions..... ranged from a chilly 8 degrees Celsius to a scorching 35 degrees. Sunny hot days were the worst. The already limited hide is now itself heated by the sun. With the .....equivalent..... of a busted radiator, the elephants retained 56 to 100 percent of their body heat internally. Which could make a mere four hours of ....exercise..... fatal. The research on elephant exertion is in the Journal of Experimental Biology. Fortunately, elephants have ways to beat the heat: shift activity to after dark and, of course, go for a dip