In the past people traveled, if they had to, for particular and practical reasons, for example, to trade in other countries, to find better land to (1)Selectgrowharvestcultivatepick , to get away from an unpleasant political regime or situation, or to go on a pilgrimage. But at what point did travel become tourism? Certainly, pilgrimages had a sort of holiday air about them, as any reader of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales will know. And people on pilgrimages to other countries did touristy things like bringing back (2) Selectpostcardsvisasphotossouvenirs “Travel, ” however, as Skeat’s etymological dictionary points out, was the same word as “travail,” meaning effort or labor, because of “the toil of traveling in olden times.” Over time, the pilgrimage became the Grand Tour which was fashionable in the 16th century and after. This was a (3)Selecttriptravelvoyageride. around Europe made by the sons of the wealthy with the supposed purpose of (4) Selecteducatingteachinginvolvingfilling them in the great cultures of tl1e past, the architecture and works of art, especially in Italy. So it could be said that the Grand Tour had (5) Selectsomethingaspectsattitudessimilarities of the pilgrimage about it. It is therefore possible, at a pinch, to date the origins of tourism to the medieval pilgrimage. But the word itself was only officially used for the first time in 193 7, and referred to people traveUng abroad for periods of over twenty-four hours.

Is altruism, the state of acting unselfishly on behalf of others, a particularly human trait, or is it a behavior other species practice too? What’s more to the point, is it in fact a trait we have at all, or can all our actions be finally attributed to self-interest, however selfless they might at first (1)Selectbe xclaimoccuroccur? For example, if you rush into your neighbour’s burning house and save him and his family, this is naturally seen as a good and noble deed, but some would argue that it wasn’t a natural human instinct that (2)Selectmadecausedtookprovokedyou to put your life at (3)Selectdangertroubleriskperil, but that your true motive was that you would expect you neighbour to do the same for you under (4)Selectothersamedifferentsimilarcircumstances. Other species do co-operate and work together for the mutual benefit of the group, mainly in terms of hunting for food and defence and is for the collective good. But altruism proper suggests that little or no advantage attaches to the altruistic act – you might even lose your life in the process. Cynics will say that at bottom all our actions are (5)Selectmotivatedselfishbaddeceitfulin some way or another, while those who take a rosier view believe that altruism, and goodness, are a part of human nature. Aristotle himself was a bit of an optimist in this matter, believing that all people were basically good, but that this quality could only be brought out within society and that, therefore, we are, in the original sense of the word, political animals.

We all have our own ideas about what constitutes anti-social behavior, some of us being more tolerant than others, but the (1)Selectrealactuallegalproperdefinition allows for a fairly broad interpretation. To quote the Crime and Disorder Act of 1998, it is behavior which “causes or is likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more people who are not in the same household as the perpetrator”. Such behavior (2)Selectconcernsincludesmeansinvolveswriting graffiti, which can make even the cleanest urban space look squalid, making excessive noise, especially at night, and throwing litter onto the streets. Such behavior, however, affects everyone in the community, and requires the community to work together to find ways of dealing with it.

Just as the problems are many and varied, the solution too must work effectively on many levels. Anti-social behavior is not confined to any particular (3)Selectgenerationchildcommunityagegroup, and it affects the quality of life of young and old (4)SelectbothaliketogetherseparatelyThis in turn means that it needs an active
partnership between all of the various social groups that make up society. More than an efficient police force is required. Schools, for example, need to have effective rules to deal with truancy and bullying. Landlords should take (5)Selectblameresponsibilityactionmeasuresfor anti-social behavior by or against their tenants. The same also goes for local authorities and social services when taking decisions that affect the community. Furthermore, they need to share information as openly as possible.

Most of the rubbish we produce – about two-thirds of it – goes into landfills. Now, it is (1)Selectresearchedestimatedsurveyedassumedthat the average UK household produces about one and a half tons of rubbish a year. These figures may not sound alarming, but the UK is geographically small and it all adds up, and there aren’t many places (2)Selectstilloveraroundleftwhere we can dig huge holes and fill them with our rubbish, which is why ever-increasing amounts of waste from western countries are being exported to the developing world. Furthermore, (3)SelectharderstricteraustereextremeEuropean recycling laws and higher landfill taxes mean that the days of dumping waste into landfill sites are almost at an end.

Landfill is cheap but wasteful and, as we have seen, unsustainable in the long run, whereas burning or incineration is expensive and wasteful. Besides, local communities don’t want huge incineration plants in their back yards.

Recycling is considered by many to be the best solution, but it isn’t nearly as good as most people think. The recycling process degrades most materials, so that they can only be used in limited ways. Also, many of the products we buy that are (4)Selectlabelledmarkedproducedbrandedas recyclable can only be recycled with great difficulty and at great (5)SelecteffortcostpricehardshipPerhaps the best idea is to have reusable packaging, such as returnable bottles and refillable packets.

The human body is designed to (1) Selectdeal respond cope act physically rather than mentally to stressful situations. This instinctive reaction to a situation is (2) Selectcalled named known referred as the “fight or flight” response. The body is prepared to either stand and deal with the problem by fighting it, or to escape to safety. Even if the problem or threat is emotional and not physical, the body behaves in the same way: the heart beats faster, the muscles tense, and the skin sweats more. If someone finds themselves in a situation where there is no (3) Selectchance occasion hope likelihood to escape or overcome the (4) Selectreason cause manner purpose of the threat, then stress and anxiety will occur.

Some of the first signs that the pressure is getting to you are loss of concentration, inability to sleep, loss of temper for minor reasons, headaches, aching limbs and a general feeling of uneasiness. These (5) Selectsymptoms infections moods pains can lead on to more serious problems, such as high blood pressure which increases the risk of a heart attack. Stress weakens the body’s defence system, so you are more likely to get minor ailments like colds. It can also lead to baldness. Mentally, it becomes harder and harder to perform your normal day-to-day activities, and can lead to a nervous breakdown. Recognizing all this is the first step (6) Selectaway back towards forward getting back to health and being able to cope with the causes of stress.