The stones we see today represent Stonehenge in ruin. Many of the original stones have fallen or been removed by previous generations for home construction or road repair. There has been serious injurylossdamagelose to some of the smaller bluestones resulting from close visitor contact (prohibited since 1978) and the prehistoric carvings on the larger sarsen stones show signs of meaninglessimportantsignificantrichwear.In its day, the construction of Stonehenge was an impressive engineering feat, requiring commitment, consumecosttimeenergy and vast amounts of manual labour. In its first phase, Stonehenge was a large earthwork; a bank and ditch arrangement called a henge, constructed approximately 5,000 years ago. It is believed that the pondditcharealand was dug with tools made from the antlers of red deer and, possibly, wood. The underlying chalk was loosened with picks and shovelled with the shoulder blades of cattle. It was then loadedcoveredcarriedmade into baskets and carried away. Modern experiments have shown that these tools were more than equalalikedifferenteven to the great task of earth digging and moving.

In a variety of ways, Americans wanted to get rich, and to do so with little effort. Thorstein Veblen published “The Theory of the Leisure Class” in 1898 and discoveredinitiatedpropagatedvisulized the theory of consumerism. The first commercial radio station went on air in the 1920s in Pittsburgh. By 1922, 3 million American households had radios, and the annual sales rose to $850 million by 1929. Motion picture industries became one of the ten largest industries in the US. In 1922, theatres sold 40 million tickets a week. A floodtide of new electric appliances, vacuum cleaners, toasters, washing machines and refrigerators placedreachedkeptintroduced American houses. The automobiles required better roads, the infrastructure was developed, new highways were built, and filling stations, garages, and roadside restaurants sprang up across the nation. Cars broke down the disparitynotionill feelingconsistency between the urban and rural America, a new tradition of “Sunday drive” started, the rural Americans drove into cities to shop and to be entertained. Children could escape parental interferencecaresupervisionhelp as cars turned out to be a sort of “bedroom on wheels”. People became crazy about cars and every income group regarded them a necessity rather than a luxury. People were willing to saveskiptakesacrifice their food, clothes and savings in order to buy a car.

The “Roaring Twenties” was a period when American economy flourished tremendously. The nation’s total realized income rose from $75 billion in 1923 to $90 billion in 1929. During the economic depressioncycleboomtrendinflation of the “Roaring Twenties”, Jazz age challenged the traditionalritualspiritualolddilapidation values of rural America, symbolized by women smoking, drinking and wearing short skirts. Fashion clubs, kitty parties, late night ballet dances were the common life styles of the rich classes and the middle classes were envying the rich to maintain the false respect in the society. The average Americans were busy buying household appliances, automobiles and investing money in the stock market to make huge profits. The American youth were anxiousparticularbidingbiddingtensed to get rich overnight and the success mania boosted trade and commerce. The banks were liberal in granting loans and the easy liquidity propelled the bullish phase of the American stock market. Even the poor Americans raised money on loan and invested in the stock market for easy money earnings. The rewards of the 1920s “Coolidge Prosperity” were not equally shared among all Americans. Henry Ford and other business magnates were aware of the inequitable distribution of income between the rich and the poor. The  point of the economy was visible but nobody dared to calculate the repercussions of the fallout.

Culture has been a part of our society, and way of life, forever. It is almost importantimpossibleimmatureimmediate to come up with an idea that isn’t effectedaffectedinfluencedimpressed by culture. Picture our lives without cars, television, and computers. This would be an example of everyday life without technology. People could function happily in that type of atmosphere, but technology has changed our lives forever. Technology has changed our viewbahaviorconductpace and perspective on education. Students would have to go to libraries and spend a lot of time researching to find out information for class assignments, but with technology students can find almost anything on there home computers and by accessing the internet. Technology has definitely become the authoritative factor in our lives, but culture has shapedopposeddebasedface technology. Technology is made and used in such a variety of ways because many people who use the technology of today come from all walks of life and have different necessities, so to compensate for that technology must adapt to all different cultures.

On June 8th, 1924, two British climbers – Mallory and Irvine – were identicalmotleyspottedassorted from below, clambering over one of the major remaining obstacles of their route. The summit of Mt. Everest was only a few hours away. Swirling mists closed in and they were never seen again. Their disappearanceadventarrivalentrance left unanswered a question that has hauntedagitatedagonizedannoyed mountaineers ever since: Had they reached the top? Even Sir Edmund Hillary – the first to certainly reach the top (and to return) – looked for signs of any possible predecessors. Early Everesters didn’t think so. Subsequent Pre WWII expeditions during better climateweatherconditionatmosphere and with greater resources were thwarted by the immensity of the challenge. But one thing was left out of the early pessimistic assessments — the effect of the controversial use by the two climbers of “artificial” breathing oxygen. Many contemporaries felt its use was unsporting, and angrily discounted evidence to show that climbing speeds easily doubled with its use.The next expedition, that of 1933, retraced Mallory and Irvine’s steps and inventeddiscovereduncoverednoticed one of their ice axes some 250 yards from the First Step obstacle. For decades, that was the only other clue as to their fate. In the early 1970’s I studied the best available topographic maps of Mt. Everest, and noticed that the site of the ice axe lay above a large snow terrace. Would a falling climber come to rest on the “8200 m Snow Terrace”? And if so, would the cameras each of them was known to be carrying, still hold the answerquestionreplypuzzle of how high they got? After extensive tests, Eastman Kodak thought “fully printable images” could be obtained if the camera was found intact.

Imagine the skyline of a modern worldcityplanetearth if the elevator did not exist. Buildings would be limited to five or six stories. Most of the architecture of the 20th and 21st century would be impossible. Office towers, hotels and high-rise apartments would hardly stand in their present form.The need for horizontalsteepperpendicularvertical transport is as old as civilization. Over the centuries, mankind has employed ingenious forms of lifting. The earliest lifts used man, animal and water power to raise the load. Lifting devices relied on these basic designsmodelsformssystems of power from the early agricultural societies until the dawn of the Industrial Revolution From ancient times through the Middle Ages, and into the 13th century, man or animal power was the driving strengthskillabilityforce behind hoisting devices. In ancient Greece, Archimedes developed an improvedelevatedamendedenhanced lifting device operated by ropes and pulleys, in which the hoisting ropes were coiled around a winding drum by a capstan and levers. By A.D. 80, gladiators and wild animals rode crude elevators up to the arena level of the Roman Coliseum.Medieval records contain numerous drawings of hoists lifting men and supplies to isolated locations. Among the most famous is the hoist at the monastery of St. Barlaam in Greece. The monastery stood on a pinnacle approximately (200 ft) above the ground. Its hoist, which employed a basket or cargo net, was the only means up or down.

Dr. Martin Luther King marked his importance in the civil rights evolutionmovementprojectcommittee by mobilizing the Black community during a 382 day bus boycott. He was arrested; his home was bombarded. But the US Supreme Court declared bus segregation unconstitutional and Dr. King became the hero of Negroes. His non-violent methodsactionsbehaviourthoughts were put to test in Birmingham, during a mass protest rally protesting against the desegregation of department store facilities. Dr. King was arrested and his followers suffered police brutalities Dr. King delivered the most passionate jobaddressdictationscheme of his career and “Time” magazine nominated him as its “Person of the Year” for 1963. A few months later he was named the recipient of the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize and the entire story of King’s struggle and his crusade to reclaimdefacerehabilitatereconstruct the slums of Chicago were reported nationally and internationally.

dog may be man’s best friend. But man is not always a dog’s. Over the centuries expensiveselectivefamousprecise breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as phicialslifestylesreasonspathologies.

Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The originancestryrootlook of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. HoweverOtherwiseMoreoverBut, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America’s National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal expertiseenormousexperimentalunique animal.

No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can conflicttakeconferconcern so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 per cent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal, recently improvedexacerbatedshowsinspired by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of copyright to 70 years after death.

Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie’s no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still givingrepeatingreapingcopying the benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne’s Christopher Robin books)? No. The newsscandalstoryname is that bien pensants politicians have attempted to appear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could rectifyhatepayjustify. In doing so they have betrayed our trust.

Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colors, open composition, dispreadspreademphasisdiffuse on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is derivedcomearisedeviate from Claude Monet’s Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.

Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing infectioninvitationinvasioninspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the behavioractmovementperformance of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could getcaptureholdreceive the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).